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The Sonnet etc

Blog Posted:8/10/2017 3:29:00 PM

There is no other site that presents the history and evolution of the sonnet quite like thepoetsgarret.com, a production Terry Clitheroe can be proud of, and yet it still is not totally comprehensive in that it neglects to adress Contemporay/Modern sonnets.Here it is.

Brief History of the Sonnet Form
Conventional Sonnet Forms
Famous Poets Forms
National Sonnets
Introduction to Contraversial Sonnet Forms (Quatorzain)

Brief History of the Sonnet Form

Although the Italian sonnet is also labelled Petrarchan, as the English sonnet also bears the name of Shakespearian, nothing could be more erroneous. It was in fact created by Giacomo da Lentini, (1188-1240) head of thirteen other notaries who formed the Sicilian School of Court Poetry (14 total) and later the Neo-Sicilian School (1235-1294) when he moved to Tuscany. There he started writing in his own language which was Italian, and wrote almost 300 sonnets. Other members of this school included Dante Alighieri (1235-1321) and Guido Cavalcanti (1250-1300).

The most famous user of this form was Francesco Petrarcha (1304-1374) whose sonnets became popular throughout Europe. Petrarcha actually revived a lagging form and gave it even more life.

At this point it should be emphasised that the form had been deliberately created with 14 lines, whether it was because of the number of the school or a spiritual and mathematical formula of 8 and 6, is still being argued, but the fact is that it was a ratio of 8 and 6, a statement and volta or turning point, making a 14 line poem.

The Spanish form follows the Italian form and is merely an Italian Octave with a Sicilian Sestet. The French also liked the Italian octave, but decided they would make the volta more explosive and made it a couplet with a following a quatrain and a similar pattern to the previously used quatrain, thus making it a definite change rather than casual one or ignoring a change completely, whilst still maintaining the 8/6 ratio.

During his ambassadorial travels through the courts of France, Spain and Italy, Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503 - 1542) was without doubt, privy to the sonnets that abounded there and later it is alleged that his sonnet "Whoso list to hunt" was about having to give up his love for Anne Boleyn and was based around Petrarch's Rhyme 190. He is credited with introducing the English sonnet form and translating some of Petrarch's poetry. He was also an admirer of Chaucer innovative languages, but it took 15 years after his death before any of his work was published. Looking at some of his work, a true Petrarchan can be seen originally, however with his later work a deviation becomes apparent where he still follows the Italian octave, but the volta uses a quatrain using the same rhyme scheme and a couplet. It can be hypothesised that the next step was using three quatrains and a couplet, and called the English Sonnet, being English they would ignore the reasons for 8/6.

Up to this point no meter was stated but it was natural the English of the time to use a form we now know as Iambic Pentameter, that had been created by Chaucer.

Geoffrey Chaucer - Linguistic. Chaucer wrote in continental accentual-syllabic metre, a style which had developed since around the twelfth century as an alternative to the alliterative Anglo-Saxon metre. (Court Poetry). Chaucer is known for metrical innovation, (writing in English) inventing the Rime Royal, and he was one of the first English poets to use the five-stress line, the iambic pentameter, in his work, with only a few anonymous short works using it before him. His most famous use was in the Canterbury Tales.

Edmund Spenser's sonnet is based on the Petrarchan sonnet and still follows the 8/6 pattern, however whilst following the conclusion idea it does so by use of a quatrain and a couplet which had finally been adopted by English poets.

The form still evolving, William Shakespeare, like many of his contemporaries, wrote poetry and drama in iambic pentameter. There is some debate over whether works such as Shakespeare's were originally performed with the rhythm prominent, or whether it was embedded in the patterns of normal speech as is common today. In either case, when read aloud, such verse naturally follows a beat.

Quick Guide to Conventional Forms

(for more information click on the form)

Sicilian Sonnet	Sicilian Octave.. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b Sicilian Sestet.. c. d. c. d. c. d. Pre-Iambic Pentameter
Italian Sonnet Petrarchan	Italian Octave,, a. b. b. a. a. b. b. a Italian Seste,, c. d. e. c. d. e. Pre-Iambic Pentameter
Italian Sonnet Sonetto Rispetto	Ottava Rima Octave.. a. b. a. b. a. b. c. c. Italian Sestet.. d. e. f. d. e. f. Sicilian Sestet.. d. e. d. e. d. e. Pre-Iambic Pentameter
French Sonnet	Italian Octave, Sestet begins.. c. c. then.. d. c. c. d. .or. d. e. e. d. . or. d. e. d. e. Eight syllable meter
Spanish Sonnet	Italian Octave.. a. b. b. a. . a. b. b. a Rima Alterata.. c. d. c. d. c. d. Ten syllable meter
Rime Royal Sonnet	.. a. b. a. b. b. c. c. . . d. e. d. e. e. f. f. No Meter Specified
Spenserian Sonnet	a. b. a. b. . b. c. b. c. . c. d. c. d. . e. e. Pre-Iambic Pentameter
English Sonnet (Shakespearian)	a. b. a. b. . c. d. c. d. . e. f. e. f. . g .g. Iambic Pentameter
Complex Variations	Additions of Lines, Stanza or Sonnets
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Famous Poets Forms

(for more information click on the form)

Burns Sonnet	.. a. b. a. b. . c. d. d. c. . . . e. f. f. e. . g. g Definately nae Iambic ye ken
Byron Sonnet	.. a.b. b. a. . a. c. c. a. . . . d. e. d. . e. d. e No Meter Specified
Keats Sonnet	.. a. b. c. . a. b. d. . c. a. b. . c. d. e. . d. e. No Meter Specified
J.G.Percival	.. a. b. c. . a. b. d. . c. a. b. . c. d. e. . d. e. No Meter Specified
Pushkin Sonnet	.. a. b. a. b. . c. c. d. d. . e. f. f. e. . g. g. No Meter Specified
Shelley Sonnet	.. a. b. a. b. a. c. d. c. . . e. d. e. f. e. f. No Meter Specified
Tennyson Sonnet	.. a1. b. a2. b. c. d. d. c. e. f. e. a2. a1. f. e. No Meter Specified
Wordsworth Sonnet	.. a. b. b. a. . a. b. b. a. . c. d. c. d. . e. e. No Meter Specified
Wyatt Sonnet	.. a. b. b. a. . a. c. c. a. . d. e. e. d. f. f. No Meter Specified
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National Sonnets

(for more information click on the form)

American Sonnet	.. a. b. b. a. . . c. d. d. d. c. . or . . c. d. e. d. c. No Meter Specified
Arabian Sonnet	.. a. a. a. a. . b. b. b. b. . c. c. c. . d. d. d. No Meter Specified
Australian Sonnet	.. a. b. b. a. . . c. d. d. c. . . e. f. f. e. . . g. g. No Meter Specified
Dutch Sonnet	.. a. b. c. c. b. a. . .d . d. . . e. x. e. f. x. f. No Meter Specified
German Sonnet	.. a. b. b. a. . .b. c. c. .b . . . c. d. d. . . c. d. d. No Meter Specified
Irish Sonnet	.. a. b. a. b. . . b. c. b. c. . . c. d. c. d. . . d. d. No Meter Specified
Korean Sonnet	.. a. a. a. a. a. a. a....b. b. b. b. b. b. b. No Meter Specified
Malaysian Sonnet	.. a. a. b. a. . . b. b. c. b. . . c. c. d. c. . . d. d. No Meter Specified
New Zealand Sonnet	.. a. b. a. b. . . b. b. c. c. . . c. d. c. d. . . e. e. No Meter Specified
Trinidad Sonnet	.. A. b. a. . c. b. c. . D. e. d. . . f. e. f. . . A. D. No Meter Specified
Vietnamese Sonnet (Luc Bat)	.. a. (a. x. b). b. (b. x. c). c. (c. x. d). d. . (d. x. e).e. (e. x. f). f. (f. x. g). g. (g. x. a) Alternate 6. 8. Sound units
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Controversial Sonnet Forms (Quatorzain)

(for more information click on the form)

Alfred Dorn Sonnet	.. a. b. c. a. b. c. . . d. d. . . a. e. a. e. a. e. No Meter Specified
Beymorlin Sonnet	English or Italian basic, Second sylable of each line has an internal rhyme scheme Ten syllables or Iambic Pentameter
Blank Verse	No rhyme pattern Iambic Pentameter
Blues Sonnet	A. A. a. . . B. B. b. . . C. C. c. . . D. D. d. . e. e. Iambic Pentameter Or..Do yo thang
Brisbane Sonnet	.. a. b. c. a. . . b. c. d. e. . . f. d. e. f. . . g. g. Iambic Pentameter or Similar
Busta Sonetto	.. a. b. x. b. a. . . c. d. x. d. c. . .e. f. f. e. Iambic Pentameter or Similar
Cornish Sonnet	.. a. b. a. c. b. C. . . d. e. d. f. e. F. . . C. F. Or.. a. b. a. c. b. C. . . D. e. d. f. e. F. . . C. D. Or.. A. b. a. c. b. c. . . D. e. d. f. e. f. . . A. D. Or.. A. b. a. c. b. c. . . d. e. d. f. e. F. . . A. F
Curtal Sonnet	.. a. b. c. a. b. c. . . d. c. b. d. c. Or. . a. b. c. a. b. c. . . d. b. c. d. c. last line spondee, or at least a tail shorter
Cyhydedd Fer Sonnet	.. a. a. b. b. . . c. c. d. d. . . e. e. f. f. . . g. g 8 syllable lines
Divino Sonetto	.. a. a. b. b. . . d. c. c. d. . . e. e. f. . . e. g. g No Meter Specified
Echo Sonnet	.. A. b. b. A1. . . a. c. c. A1. . . a. d. d. A1. . . A.A1 Iambic Pentameter or similar
Envelope Sonnet	.. a. b. c. c. b. a. . . d. d. . . e. f. g. g. f. e. No Meter Specified
Free Form	No rhyme pattern No meter
Ghazal	.. A. A. . . b. A. . . b. A. . . b. A. . . b. A. . . b. A No Meter Specified
Ivorian	.. A nine line start: a. a. b. c. b. d. e. d. e. Then a Quitain any variation of a. b. c. d. e. No Meter Specified
John Tee	.. A. B. c. d. e. f. A. B. g. h. i. j. A. B. No Meter Specified
Kyrielle	.. A. b. a. B. . . c. b. c. B. . . d. b. d. B. . . A. B. Or.,A.a.b.B...c.c.b.B...d.d.b.B...A.B. No Meter Specified
Mabini	a. b. b. a. . c. c. . a. a. . d. d. . a. e. e. a. 10 syllables or Iambic Pentameter or similar.
Mathlish	.. a. a. . b. b. b. . . c. c. . . d. d. d. . . . Quatrains e. f. e. f. . or. e. f. f. e. . or. e. e. f. f. 10 syllables or Iambic Pentameter or similar.
Pantoum	.. A. b1. a. b2. . b1. c1. b2. c2. . c1. a1. c2. A. . a1. A No Meter Specified
Rime Royal Sonnet	.. a. b. a. b. b. c. c. . .d. e. d. e. e. f. f. No Meter Specified
Rondel Prime	.. A. B. a. b. . . a. b. A. B. . . a. b. b. a. A. B Or.. A. B. a. b. . . a. b. A. B. . . a. b. a. b. A. B No Meter Specified
Rosarian	First Two Stanza ..a. a. b. c. c. . . d. d. b. e. e. Third stanza. . b. b. f. f.......or . f. f. g. g. . . . . . . . . . or. . f. g. f. g.......or . f. g. g. f
Rubaiyat	.. a. a. b. a. . . b. b. c. b. . . c. c. a. c. . . a. a. No Meter Specified
Sapphic Ode	3 x 4 lines, 3 Iambic Tetrameter, last line Iambic Dimeter. Couplet Iambic Tetrameter a. b. a. b. . .c. d. c. d. . .e. f. e. f. . .g. g.
Saraband	3. 4. 3. 4 any variation of tercet with any quatrain No Meter Specified
Sestina or Quastina	.. a. b. c. d... d. c. a. b... b. a. d. c... c. b.. d. a. No Meter Specified
Soneto Cinco, Cuatro y Cinco	.. a. a. b. b. x... c. c. d. d... e. e. f. f. x. or .. x. a. a. b. d... c. c. d. d... x. e. e. f. f. No Meter Specified
Swannet	A1. b. b. A2. . . c. d. d. c. . . e. f. f. e. . . A1. A2. No Meter Specified
Terza Rima Sonnet	... a. b. a. . . b. c. b. . . c. d. c. . . d. e. d. . . e. e. No Meter Specified
Triolet Sonnet	.. A. B. a. A. a. b. A. B. a. A. a. b. A. B. No Meter Specified
Villanelle Sonnet	A1. b. A2. a. b. A2. a. b. A1. a. b. A2. A1. A2. No Meter Specified
Wreathed or Un-wreathed Sonnet	(Un-)Wreath Octave and Sestet or 3x (Un-)Wreath Quatrains and a Couplet
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Post Comments

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Craig
Cornish

Date: 8/11/2017 7:30:00 AM

Fact is that most amateur poets think there is only one kind of sonnet and can't even write that correctly because they were never shown how and most can't write sonnets that need meter because they equate syllables with meter when meter is "feet". Most professional poets can write meter if they wish to but don't because it is rarely excepted for publication and they like the freedom from meter and exact rhyme. Many disagree but I think exceptional writing can be done in any form when all the proper tools are used correctly. Outside of poetry soup these forms don't matter but just like in school we must fill our education with as much as we can if we want to improve.

Craig Cornish
Date: 8/12/2017 7:15:00 AM

Most "I Don't Know" poems are free verse, or simply rhyme. If a form is required for a contest just follow the guidelines. Otherwise write freely then go back and fine tune to include the attributes that will change it from bland to interesting, then from interesting to captivating.

Sean Kibble
Date: 8/11/2017 7:16:00 PM

Craig for the uninitiated it will be quite daunting to write a correct sonnet. In fact these writers may find difficulty in selecting a form to write to, hence why we see a lot of "I do not know". Actually it would an interesting topic to blog about - How does one decide which form to use for their poem.

Andrea
Dietrich

Date: 8/10/2017 9:23:00 PM

Very thorough, Craig!!

Craig Cornish
Date: 8/11/2017 7:14:00 AM

Kind of fun 8-)

Becca
Teagan

Date: 8/10/2017 8:43:00 PM

I don't know what happened, I thought I already commented here. Did you delete my comment? lol No seriously, this is crazy awesome... I usually do Shakespearean (English) sonnets because I rock at Iambic Pentameter lol But, Cyndi did teach me about modern sonnets a couple years ago and I like those too. This is a lot of info, Craig, thanks for sharing! ~hugs

Craig Cornish
Date: 8/11/2017 7:13:00 AM

I NEVER would delete you Becca!

Frederic
Parker

Date: 8/10/2017 5:46:00 PM

very interesting, when reading I had already thought the 14 lines represented the fourteen schools, then read some had given thought to it, though not a given...still a very interesting blog Craig, thank you for it...interested to see how many of the... ahem...poets on this site take the time like I did to read it...rules, there's always rules, from close the door to put the toilet seat down...

Craig Cornish
Date: 8/11/2017 7:10:00 AM

8-)

Craig
Cornish

Date: 8/10/2017 4:06:00 PM

Just a note about Contemporary/Modern Sonnets which I have had much fun with since Cyndi introduced them about 3 years ago. The freedom of unequal syllable line lengths, no meter and rhyme that should be slanted (not exact). LOL--Ironically an English Sonnet must be Iambic Pentameter with a set exact rhyme scheme (the rules) yet a modern sonnet must have no meter and no exact rhyme (the rules)---we can't escape rules even in freedom but in either world we can have fun.

My Past Blog Posts


Silence Date Posted: 6/10/2025 11:29:00 AM
Wilderness of Mirrors Date Posted: 5/22/2025 11:09:00 AM
Contest Date Posted: 4/1/2025 12:35:00 PM
Expert Advice Date Posted: 1/26/2025 6:49:00 AM
More Poetic Christmas Trivia Date Posted: 12/4/2024 11:06:00 AM
Rudolph History Date Posted: 12/3/2024 7:16:00 AM
what makes sense ---perspective Date Posted: 11/30/2024 1:09:00 PM
The Optimist Date Posted: 11/8/2024 9:11:00 AM
Modifier Monotony Date Posted: 11/1/2024 11:16:00 AM
Complicated Simplicity Date Posted: 10/8/2024 11:41:00 AM
AI and ME Date Posted: 10/4/2024 8:28:00 AM
AIBS Date Posted: 10/1/2024 2:04:00 PM
She's always a Woman Date Posted: 8/5/2024 10:28:00 AM
Contest etc Date Posted: 7/23/2024 3:17:00 PM
The Old Gentleman with the Amber Snuff-Box Date Posted: 6/26/2024 1:06:00 PM
Melancholy Moon - Greg Barden Date Posted: 6/23/2024 10:22:00 AM
The empty room contest Date Posted: 6/10/2024 12:52:00 PM
Written Long Ago Date Posted: 5/13/2024 2:17:00 PM
Silence SPEAKS Date Posted: 5/11/2024 12:29:00 PM
Who Wrote about a Lamb Where? Date Posted: 4/20/2024 7:13:00 AM
Some Tidbits on Writing Date Posted: 3/27/2024 11:19:00 AM
Black and White Date Posted: 3/22/2024 10:21:00 AM
Shizumano Taiyo Contest etc. Date Posted: 3/3/2024 9:40:00 AM
Haiku 201 Date Posted: 12/27/2023 11:56:00 AM
Haiku Date Posted: 12/23/2023 1:00:00 PM

My Recent Poems

Date Posted	PoemTitle	Form	Categories
6/16/2025	cobblestone	Crystalline	humor,
6/14/2025	Lost and Broken	Free verse	depression,hope,love,
6/12/2025	Time for Champagne	Abecedarian	sunset,
6/5/2025	Silence Listens	Free verse	imagination,
5/30/2025	wildflower	Monoku	dream,
5/26/2025	Grey	Free verse	bereavement,death,
5/9/2025	Road Trip	Verse	children,
5/5/2025	A Wilderness of Mirrors	Free verse	confusion,innocence,life,
3/22/2025	Blue Cheese and Old Pickles	Free verse	introspection,
3/11/2025	Shadows	Suzette Prime	love hurts,
2/24/2025	Listen to Your Eyes	Sonnet	love,
2/21/2025	A Vine in Winter	Free verse	age,youth,
2/12/2025	Undergrowth with Two Figures	Ekphrasis	hope,longing,
2/7/2025	Ivy League	Free verse	character,education,
2/5/2025	The Bard Bequeaths	Sonnet	farewell,
1/27/2025	A Light Through Yonder Window	Sonnet	love,
1/20/2025	A Birthing Frost	Rhyme	age,love,old,
1/19/2025	waken	Free verse	sea,
1/15/2025	A Lovely Wither	Free verse	death,
1/6/2025	Discontinued?	Free verse	life,
12/30/2024	New Years Old Wishes	Free verse	introspection,new year,
11/26/2024	Obscurity	Free verse	life,
11/15/2024	Conflagration	Free verse	introspection,
11/7/2024	Jolted by Twilight	Free verse	love,memory,
11/1/2024	Bodacious Rose	Free verse	sensual,
10/24/2024	empty thoughts	Free verse	life,
10/18/2024	Bird of Paradise	Quatrain	imagination,
10/14/2024	Haunted Cemetery	Rhyme	halloween,
10/13/2024	Winter Wishes	Sapphic stanza	seasons,
9/29/2024	Awaiting Reality - Tri	Rhyme	autumn,
9/28/2024	The Frost Bitten Rose	Rhyme	faith,hope,
9/19/2024	The Picture on the Parlor Wall	Free verse	art,lost love,love,
8/26/2024	The Stubborn Few	Sonnet	seasons,
8/18/2024	Moonlight on Meadows	Sonnet	dream,
8/6/2024	why	Haiku	introspection,
7/10/2024	Sea Glass	Blank verse	memory,
7/8/2024	What are WE	Sonnet	death,
6/28/2024	clouds	Haiku	seasons,
6/17/2024	Yesterday's Wishes	Blank verse	life,
6/15/2024	The Jig of Emotions	Free verse	lost love,
6/6/2024	The Empty Room	Free verse	loss,
6/1/2024	The Pressed Rose	Blank verse	allusion,dream,
5/31/2024	A Meeting of Hearts	Narrative	love,
5/25/2024	The Homefront	Free verse	heartbreak,war,
5/22/2024	Raining in Summer	Free verse	rain,
5/9/2024	When Silence Speaks	Sonnet	history,
4/25/2024	The Quicksand of Thought	Sonnet	loss,
4/12/2024	Forgotten Field of Forever	Free verse	memory,
4/12/2024	A Wish for Spring	Abecedarian	seasons,spring,
4/9/2024	eclipsed-dodo	Dodoitsu	love,
3/31/2024	Ethereal Lantern	Free verse	home,hope,
3/27/2024	Making Music	Free verse	music,old,
3/24/2024	Song of the Wind	Personification	weather,wind,
3/18/2024	Yin - Yang	Free verse	creation,
3/16/2024	Let's Tango	Free verse	nature,seasons,
3/10/2024	Woven Worlds	Other	truth,
3/2/2024	A Hydrangea's Lament	Free verse	life,
1/23/2024	Fate Cannot Wait	Limerick	funny love,
1/22/2024	A Terrible Start	Limerick	funny,
1/16/2024	Unsinkable	Sonnet	death,
1/16/2024	Scentient	Sijo	love,
1/9/2024	Dorian Gray - A Triple Entendre	Quatrain	self,
1/8/2024	Shizumanu Taiyo	Lyric	song,
1/1/2024	breakfast	Senryu	new year,
12/31/2023	Naked Apprehension	Free verse	new year,
12/26/2023	love	Haiku	love,
12/20/2023	Everywhere	Free verse	loss,
12/13/2023	winter sky	Haiku	winter,
12/12/2023	DIVORCE	Acrostic	hope,
12/8/2023	Wabi-Sabi	Free verse	life,
12/1/2023	Always Home	Free verse	life,
11/4/2023	Daylight Saving	Free verse	autumn,
11/2/2023	Morning Mood	Haiku	life,
11/2/2023	The Trail Ends Sign	Free verse	inspiration,
10/30/2023	Repurposed Evolution	Free verse	life,
10/24/2023	Cowplops	Senryu	funny,
10/14/2023	The Unsupervised Stop Sign	Free verse	death,life,
10/12/2023	Erinyes	Alexandrine	halloween,
10/7/2023	Phantom Dreams	Alexandrine	dream,
9/11/2023	Edges of a Dream	Iambic Pentameter	dream,
9/9/2023	Vanilla Shell	Free verse	morning,
8/30/2023	Golden Shovel	Verse	storm,
8/26/2023	A Sonnet For Becca	Sonnet	tribute,
8/24/2023	A Fish Lass Lament	Rhyme	history,
8/21/2023	Entrenching Reality	Sonnet	war,
8/17/2023	Out My Window	Free verse	life,
8/7/2023	Pavilions of Time	Sonnet	memory,
7/29/2023	When Doves Cry	Sonnet	eulogy,
7/7/2023	Pasted Nostalgia A	Prose Poetry	memory,
6/27/2023	A Silent Kind of Blue	Sonnet	music,
6/23/2023	The Scoop On the Poop	Limerick	funny,
6/8/2023	Beyond the Veil	Sonnet	moon,
5/17/2023	Sitka Sunset	Free verse	sunset,
5/8/2023	Anatomy of Melancholy	Free verse	depression,
5/5/2023	Yonder	Free verse	truth,
5/2/2023	The Old Man	Rhyme	eulogy,
4/27/2023	Fixation	Free verse	life,
4/24/2023	Weave	Blank verse	dream,life,
4/5/2023	I Died	Sonnet	death,
3/8/2023	Graduation Day	Free verse	graduation,

My Photos

Fav Poems

PoemTitle	Form	Categories
For I Have Weathered Storms	Sonnet	storm,
On the Other Side of Cobblestone Streets	Free verse	destiny,dream,fate,

Fav Poets

Poet	Country
Heather Ober	Canada	Read
Beej Simrov	United States	Read
Angelica Tao	United States	Read

The Sonnet etc - Craig Cornish's Blog

The Sonnet etc

Contents

Brief History of the Sonnet Form

Quick Guide to Conventional Forms

Famous Poets Forms

National Sonnets

Controversial Sonnet Forms (Quatorzain)

Post Comments

My Past Blog Posts

My Recent Poems

My Photos

Fav Poems

Fav Poets