Marriage

 This institution,
perhaps one should say enterprise
out of respect for which
one says one need not change one's mind
about a thing one has believed in,
requiring public promises
of one's intention
to fulfill a private obligation:
I wonder what Adam and Eve
think of it by this time,
this firegilt steel
alive with goldenness;
how bright it shows --
"of circular traditions and impostures,
committing many spoils,"
requiring all one's criminal ingenuity
to avoid!
Psychology which explains everything
explains nothing
and we are still in doubt.
Eve: beautiful woman --
I have seen her
when she was so handsome
she gave me a start,
able to write simultaneously
in three languages --
English, German and French
and talk in the meantime;
equally positive in demanding a commotion
and in stipulating quiet:
"I should like to be alone;"
to which the visitor replies,
"I should like to be alone;
why not be alone together?"
Below the incandescent stars
below the incandescent fruit,
the strange experience of beauty;
its existence is too much;
it tears one to pieces
and each fresh wave of consciousness
is poison.
"See her, see her in this common world,"
the central flaw
in that first crystal-fine experiment,
this amalgamation which can never be more
than an interesting possibility,
describing it
as "that strange paradise
unlike flesh, gold, or stately buildings,
the choicest piece of my life:
the heart rising
in its estate of peace
as a boat rises
with the rising of the water;"
constrained in speaking of the serpent --
that shed snakeskin in the history of politeness
not to be returned to again --
that invaluable accident
exonerating Adam.
And he has beauty also;
it's distressing -- the O thou
to whom, from whom,
without whom nothing -- Adam;
"something feline,
something colubrine" -- how true!
a crouching mythological monster
in that Persian miniature of emerald mines,
raw silk -- ivory white, snow white,
oyster white and six others --
that paddock full of leopards and giraffes --
long lemonyellow bodies
sown with trapezoids of blue.
Alive with words,
vibrating like a cymbal
touched before it has been struck,
he has prophesied correctly --
the industrious waterfall,
"the speedy stream
which violently bears all before it,
at one time silent as the air
and now as powerful as the wind."
"Treading chasms 
on the uncertain footing of a spear,"
forgetting that there is in woman
a quality of mind
which is an instinctive manifestation
is unsafe,
he goes on speaking
in a formal, customary strain
of "past states," the present state,
seals, promises, 
the evil one suffered,
the good one enjoys,
hell, heaven,
everything convenient
to promote one's joy."
There is in him a state of mind
by force of which,
perceiving what it was not
intended that he should,
"he experiences a solemn joy
in seeing that he has become an idol."
Plagued by the nightingale
in the new leaves,
with its silence --
not its silence but its silences,
he says of it:
"It clothes me with a shirt of fire."
"He dares not clap his hands
to make it go on
lest it should fly off;
if he does nothing, it will sleep;
if he cries out, it will not understand."
Unnerved by the nightingale
and dazzled by the apple,
impelled by "the illusion of a fire
effectual to extinguish fire,"
compared with which
the shining of the earth
is but deformity -- a fire
"as high as deep as bright as broad
as long as life itself,"
he stumbles over marriage,
"a very trivial object indeed"
to have destroyed the attitude
in which he stood --
the ease of the philosopher
unfathered by a woman.
Unhelpful Hymen!
"a kind of overgrown cupid"
reduced to insignificance
by the mechanical advertising
parading as involuntary comment,
by that experiment of Adam's
with ways out but no way in --
the ritual of marriage,
augmenting all its lavishness;
its fiddle-head ferns,
lotus flowers, opuntias, white dromedaries,
its hippopotamus --
nose and mouth combined
in one magnificent hopper,
"the crested screamer --
that huge bird almost a lizard,"
its snake and the potent apple.
He tells us
that "for love
that will gaze an eagle blind,
that is like a Hercules
climbing the trees
in the garden of the Hesperides,
from forty-five to seventy
is the best age,"
commending it
as a fine art, as an experiment,
a duty or as merely recreation.
One must not call him ruffian
nor friction a calamity --
the fight to be affectionate:
"no truth can be fully known
until it has been tried
by the tooth of disputation."
The blue panther with black eyes,
the basalt panther with blue eyes,
entirely graceful --
one must give them the path --
the black obsidian Diana
who "darkeneth her countenance
as a bear doth,
causing her husband to sigh,"
the spiked hand
that has an affection for one
and proves it to the bone,
impatient to assure you
that impatience is the mark of independence
not of bondage.
"Married people often look that way" --
"seldom and cold, up and down,
mixed and malarial
with a good day and bad."
"When do we feed?"
We occidentals are so unemotional,
we quarrel as we feed;
one's self is quite lost,
the irony preserved
in "the Ahasuerus t?te ? t?te banquet"
with its "good monster, lead the way,"
with little laughter
and munificence of humor
in that quixotic atmosphere of frankness
in which "Four o'clock does not exist
but at five o'clock
the ladies in their imperious humility
are ready to receive you";
in which experience attests
that men have power
and sometimes one is made to feel it.
He says, "what monarch would not blush
to have a wife
with hair like a shaving-brush?
The fact of woman
is not `the sound of the flute
but every poison.'"
She says, "`Men are monopolists
of stars, garters, buttons
and other shining baubles' --
unfit to be the guardians
of another person's happiness."
He says, "These mummies
must be handled carefully --
`the crumbs from a lion's meal,
a couple of shins and the bit of an ear';
turn to the letter M
and you will find
that `a wife is a coffin,'
that severe object
with the pleasing geometry
stipulating space and not people,
refusing to be buried
and uniquely disappointing,
revengefully wrought in the attitude
of an adoring child
to a distinguished parent."
She says, "This butterfly,
this waterfly, this nomad
that has `proposed
to settle on my hand for life.' --
What can one do with it?
There must have been more time
in Shakespeare's day
to sit and watch a play.
You know so many artists are fools."
He says, "You know so many fools
who are not artists."
The fact forgot
that "some have merely rights
while some have obligations,"
he loves himself so much,
he can permit himself
no rival in that love.
She loves herself so much,
she cannot see herself enough --
a statuette of ivory on ivory,
the logical last touch
to an expansive splendor
earned as wages for work done:
one is not rich but poor
when one can always seem so right.
What can one do for them --
these savages
condemned to disaffect
all those who are not visionaries
alert to undertake the silly task
of making people noble?
This model of petrine fidelity
who "leaves her peaceful husband
only because she has seen enough of him" --
that orator reminding you,
"I am yours to command."
"Everything to do with love is mystery;
it is more than a day's work
to investigate this science."
One sees that it is rare --
that striking grasp of opposites
opposed each to the other, not to unity,
which in cycloid inclusiveness
has dwarfed the demonstration
of Columbus with the egg --
a triumph of simplicity --
that charitive Euroclydon
of frightening disinterestedness
which the world hates,
admitting:

"I am such a cow,
if I had a sorrow,
I should feel it a long time;
I am not one of those
who have a great sorrow
in the morning
and a great joy at noon;"
which says: "I have encountered it
among those unpretentious
proteg?s of wisdom,
where seeming to parade
as the debater and the Roman,
the statesmanship
of an archaic Daniel Webster
persists to their simplicity of temper
as the essence of the matter:

`Liberty and union
now and forever;'

the book on the writing-table;
the hand in the breast-pocket."

Form: Free verse Comments

Literary Analysis

This literary analysis was generated with AI and may contain interpretive differences. Provide your analysis in the comments section.

Summary

Marianne Moore presents marriage as a public institution weighed down by custom, idealism, vanity, and contradiction. Rather than telling a simple love story, she builds the poem out of voices, borrowed remarks, and shifting images, so that marriage appears as something both social and private, ceremonial and practical, exalted and comic. The poem moves by accumulation: first defining marriage as an arrangement of promises and obligations, then unfolding a long, searching meditation on Adam and Eve, gendered power, beauty, desire, and mutual irritation.

At the center of the poem is a tension Moore refuses to settle. Marriage can look like an elegant ideal, even a sacred experiment, but it is also tangled up with pride, resentment, performance, and the uneven distribution of power between men and women. The poem keeps testing whether love can survive intelligence, whether freedom can coexist with attachment, and whether two people can truly share a life without turning one another into idols or adversaries. Its ending does not resolve these tensions; instead, it suggests that marriage is most honest when it admits both obligation and affection, both weakness and choice.

Theme

  • Love and obligation - Marriage is presented as more than private feeling; it is a binding agreement that joins emotion to duty, making affection inseparable from commitment.
  • Gender and power - The poem repeatedly weighs the unequal social authority of men and women, showing marriage as a place where control, dependency, and resistance all operate at once.
  • Beauty as disruption - Beauty in the poem is not purely comforting; it unsettles, dazzles, and even wounds, making attraction feel intense enough to threaten stability.
  • Public ritual versus private life - Moore contrasts public vows and social expectations with the intimate realities that couples must actually endure, exposing the gap between ceremony and lived experience.
  • Irony and skepticism - The poem treats many grand claims about love and marriage with wit and caution, insisting that ideal language often conceals human awkwardness and conflict.
  • Partnership as tension - Marriage is shown not as smooth harmony but as a relationship between strong wills, where affection and friction are both part of the bond.

Literary Devices

  • Allusion - References to Adam and Eve, classical figures, and biblical language widen the poem's scope, linking modern marriage to inherited stories of desire, blame, and companionship.
  • Collage - Moore stitches together quotations, images, and fragments of other voices, creating a layered argument that feels intellectually restless and deliberately non-linear.
  • Extended metaphor - Marriage is repeatedly figured through images of commerce, ceremony, animals, fire, and art, allowing Moore to test the institution from many angles at once.
  • Irony - The poem often praises or describes marriage in terms that are slyly undercut by wit, revealing how unstable official ideals can be.
  • Juxtaposition - Grand abstractions sit beside comic or physical details, which sharpens the poem's argument by exposing the distance between theory and experience.
  • Paradox - Moore embraces contradictions, suggesting that marriage can be both freedom and restraint, intimacy and alienation, aspiration and compromise.
  • Enjambment - The forward movement of the lines mirrors the poem's searching mind, carrying the reader through thought after thought without easy closure.

Symbolism

  • Adam and Eve - They symbolize the original human couple and the long cultural story of union, blame, desire, and mutual incomprehension.
  • Fire and gold - These images suggest the seductive brilliance of marriage, but also its danger and artificial shine.
  • The serpent - It evokes temptation, knowledge, and the disruptive force that exposes innocence as fragile.
  • The apple - This image stands for desire, knowledge, and the irresistible pull of experience.
  • The nightingale - The bird can symbolize beauty that cannot be controlled, especially the strange power of art and feeling.
  • The wife as coffin - This harsh metaphor symbolizes the fear that marriage can become confinement, deadening intimacy rather than living companionship.
  • The book on the writing-table - This final image suggests thought, discipline, and intellectual independence at the edge of domestic life.

Tone

Moore's tone is witty, skeptical, and highly alert to contradiction, even when she sounds admiring or amused. She moves between satire, playfulness, and serious judgment, refusing to romanticize marriage in any simple way. The mood for the reader is equally mixed: intellectually lively, sometimes comic, but also uneasy, because beneath the cleverness lies a sharp awareness of conflict, imbalance, and the cost of intimacy.

Historical Context

Marianne Moore wrote in the modernist period, when poets often challenged inherited forms and traditional subjects by using fragmentation, quotation, and unexpected imagery. Her approach reflects a broader early twentieth-century interest in making poetry more exact, intellectually complex, and formally inventive. In that context, marriage becomes not a sentimental theme but a social and philosophical problem worth scrutinizing from many angles.

The poem also belongs to a long literary tradition of rethinking gender relations through the stories of Adam and Eve and through debates about the roles of men and women in public and private life. Moore's treatment is especially modern in its mix of erudition, wit, and skepticism: she questions idealized ideas about romance while acknowledging the force of beauty, desire, and companionship in human life.

Similar Poems

  • A Wall - Marianne Moore
  • The Canonization - John Donne
  • An American in the World - Langston Hughes
  • The Road Not Taken - Robert Frost
  • Sonnets from the Portuguese - Elizabeth Barrett Browning

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