The Suicide
Read 'The Suicide' by 'Edna St. Vincent Millay' and provide your summary and literary analysis in the comments section below.
"Curse thee, Life, I will live with thee no more!
Thou hast mocked me, starved me, beat my body sore!
And all for a pledge that was not pledged by me,
I have kissed thy crust and eaten sparingly
That I might eat again, and met thy sneers
With deprecations, and thy blows with tears,—
Aye, from thy glutted lash, glad, crawled away,
As if spent passion were a holiday!
And now I go. Nor threat, nor easy vow
Of tardy kindness can avail thee now
With me, whence fear and faith alike are flown;
Lonely I came, and I depart alone,
And know not where nor unto whom I go;
But that thou canst not follow me I know."
Thus I to Life, and ceased; but through my brain
My thought ran still, until I spake again:
"Ah, but I go not as I came,—no trace
Is mine to bear away of that old grace
I brought! I have been heated in thy fires,
Bent by thy hands, fashioned to thy desires,
Thy mark is on me! I am not the same
Nor ever more shall be, as when I came.
Ashes am I of all that once I seemed.
In me all's sunk that leapt, and all that dreamed
Is wakeful for alarm,—oh, shame to thee,
For the ill change that thou hast wrought in me,
Who laugh no more nor lift my throat to sing
Ah, Life, I would have been a pleasant thing
To have about the house when I was grown
If thou hadst left my little joys alone!
I asked of thee no favor save this one:
That thou wouldst leave me playing in the sun!
And this thou didst deny, calling my name
Insistently, until I rose and came.
I saw the sun no more.—It were not well
So long on these unpleasant thoughts to dwell,
Need I arise to-morrow and renew
Again my hated tasks, but I am through
With all things save my thoughts and this one night,
So that in truth I seem already quite
Free,and remote from thee,—I feel no haste
And no reluctance to depart; I taste
Merely, with thoughtful mien, an unknown draught,
That in a little while I shall have quaffed."
Thus I to Life, and ceased, and slightly smiled,
Looking at nothing; and my thin dreams filed
Before me one by one till once again
I set new words unto an old refrain:
"Treasures thou hast that never have been mine!
Warm lights in many a secret chamber shine
Of thy gaunt house, and gusts of song have blown
Like blossoms out to me that sat alone!
And I have waited well for thee to show
If any share were mine,—and now I go
Nothing I leave, and if I naught attain
I shall but come into mine own again!"
Thus I to Life, and ceased, and spake no more,
But turning, straightway, sought a certain door
In the rear wall. Heavy it was, and low
And dark,—a way by which none e'er would go
That other exit had, and never knock
Was heard thereat,—bearing a curious lock
Some chance had shown me fashioned faultily,
Whereof Life held content the useless key,
And great coarse hinges, thick and rough with rust,
Whose sudden voice across a silence must,
I knew, be harsh and horrible to hear,—
A strange door, ugly like a dwarf.—So near
I came I felt upon my feet the chill
Of acid wind creeping across the sill.
So stood longtime, till over me at last
Came weariness, and all things other passed
To make it room; the still night drifted deep
Like snow about me, and I longed for sleep.
But, suddenly, marking the morning hour,
Bayed the deep-throated bell within the tower!
Startled, I raised my head,—and with a shout
Laid hold upon the latch,—and was without.
* * * *
Ah, long-forgotten, well-remembered road,
Leading me back unto my old abode,
My father's house! There in the night I came,
And found them feasting, and all things the same
As they had been before. A splendour hung
Upon the walls, and such sweet songs were sung
As, echoing out of very long ago,
Had called me from the house of Life, I know.
So fair their raiment shone I looked in shame
On the unlovely garb in which I came;
Then straightway at my hesitancy mocked:
"It is my father's house!" I said and knocked;
And the door opened. To the shining crowd
Tattered and dark I entered, like a cloud,
Seeing no face but his; to him I crept,
And "Father!" I cried, and clasped his knees, and wept.
* * * *
Ah, days of joy that followed! All alone
I wandered through the house. My own, my own,
My own to touch, my own to taste and smell,
All I had lacked so long and loved so well!
None shook me out of sleep, nor hushed my song,
Nor called me in from the sunlight all day long.
I know not when the wonder came to me
Of what my father's business might be,
And whither fared and on what errands bent
The tall and gracious messengers he sent.
Yet one day with no song from dawn till night
Wondering, I sat, and watched them out of sight.
And the next day I called; and on the third
Asked them if I might go,—but no one heard.
Then, sick with longing, I arose at last
And went unto my father,—in that vast
Chamber wherein he for so many years
Has sat, surrounded by his charts and spheres.
"Father," I said, "Father, I cannot play
The harp that thou didst give me, and all day
I sit in idleness, while to and fro
About me thy serene, grave servants go;
And I am weary of my lonely ease.
Better a perilous journey overseas
Away from thee, than this, the life I lead,
To sit all day in the sunshine like a weed
That grows to naught,—I love thee more than they
Who serve thee most; yet serve thee in no way.
Father, I beg of thee a little task
To dignify my days,—'tis all I ask
Forever, but forever, this denied,
I perish."
"Child," my father's voice replied,
"All things thy fancy hath desired of me
Thou hast received. I have prepared for thee
Within my house a spacious chamber, where
Are delicate things to handle and to wear,
And all these things are thine. Dost thou love song?
My minstrels shall attend thee all day long.
Or sigh for flowers? My fairest gardens stand
Open as fields to thee on every hand.
And all thy days this word shall hold the same:
No pleasure shalt thou lack that thou shalt name.
But as for tasks—" he smiled, and shook his head;
"Thou hadst thy task, and laidst it by," he said.
The Suicide Summary and Analysis
Edna St. Vincent Millay stages the poem as a dramatic monologue in which a voice addresses Life as though it were a cruel master. The first movement sounds like an act of defiance: the speaker declares an end to suffering, describes a history of deprivation and humiliation, and seems to prepare for death as an escape from a world that has withheld kindness. But the poem quickly complicates that impulse. As the speaker keeps talking, the reasons for leaving shift from pain to hunger, from self-protection to a longing for dignity, belonging, and meaning.
The central turn arrives when the speaker reaches a door and, instead of disappearing into oblivion, returns to a father's house. That house appears to offer safety, beauty, and abundance, yet it creates a new problem: comfort without purpose becomes another form of emptiness. The speaker discovers that being cherished is not the same as being fully alive. The poem therefore moves from rejection to refuge and finally to a deeper unease about passivity, dependence, and the need for work or vocation. Its ending leaves the reader with a powerful tension between shelter and selfhood, pleasure and duty, love and freedom.
Tone in The Suicide
Millay's tone is fierce, elegant, and increasingly unsettled. The voice begins in anger and self-assertion, then moves through bitterness, wistfulness, and yearning, and finally settles into a troubled awareness that comfort alone cannot satisfy the human spirit. The mood for the reader is tense and intimate: the poem feels at once confessional, unsettling, and strangely luminous, because every promise of relief seems to reveal a fresh form of loss.
This literary analysis was generated with AI and may contain interpretive differences. Provide your analysis in the comments section.
Themes in The Suicide
- Despair and escape - The opening voice treats death as a way out of suffering, presenting suicide as a rebellion against a world that has become intolerable.
- Need for dignity - The speaker does not want mere comfort; what matters is being treated as a full human being rather than being worn down by neglect.
- Freedom versus protection - The father's house offers safety and abundance, but the poem questions whether protection can become another kind of confinement.
- Purpose and labor - The final section suggests that a life of endless ease can feel hollow unless it includes a task that gives shape and value to the self.
- Identity under pressure - The speaker believes suffering has altered the self permanently, showing how experience can remake a person's inner life.
- Longing for belonging - Beneath the anger and refusal lies a deep desire to be wanted, welcomed, and given a place in the world.
Literary Devices in The Suicide
- Dramatic monologue - The poem unfolds as a single, intense voice speaking in private, which lets readers hear the speaker's shifting emotions and contradictions directly.
- Personification - Life is addressed as if it were a cruel human being, making the speaker's struggle feel like a confrontation with an active opponent.
- Extended metaphor - The poem turns life into a house, a journey, and a household of duties, allowing emotional states to be understood through concrete domestic and spatial images.
- Repetition - Phrases such as the repeated return to the father's house and the recurring emphasis on absence and lack reinforce the speaker's obsessive circling around the same unresolved need.
- Imagery - Harsh images of hunger, bruising, rust, darkness, and cold give the poem a bodily intensity that contrasts with the beauty of the father's house.
- Irony - What first seems like a triumph over suffering becomes a different form of dissatisfaction, so the poem ironizes both death-seeking and comfort-seeking.
- Enjambment - The lines often run forward without pause, creating a feeling of emotional urgency and mental overflow that suits the speaker's restless mind.
- Allusion - The father's house and its ordered realm echo spiritual and religious traditions of homecoming, grace, and judgment, though the poem gives them a personal, unsettling twist.
Symbolism in The Suicide
- Life - Life is treated as a harsh master or household power, symbolizing the forces that shape, wound, and demand from the individual.
- The door - The strange rear door suggests an exit from suffering, but also a threshold between death, surrender, and another unknown state.
- The father's house - This house represents protection, inheritance, and belonging, yet it also becomes a place where ease threatens to drain away purpose.
- The harp - The harp symbolizes a gifted but unused calling; the speaker's failure to play it suggests the frustration of talents left without direction.
- Charts and spheres - These objects suggest the father's ordered, authoritative realm, hinting at a cosmos governed by knowledge, labor, and design.
- Sunlight - Sunlight stands for natural joy and innocent freedom, especially the childhood wish to be left alone at play.
- Rusty hinges - The rough hinges of the door symbolize age, neglect, and the painful difficulty of crossing into a new state of being.
Historical Context of The Suicide
Edna St. Vincent Millay wrote in a period shaped by modernist experimentation but also by strong continuities with lyric and dramatic poetic traditions. Her work often combines formal control with emotional intensity, and this poem's dramatic monologue form reflects that blend: it sounds personal while also inviting readers to hear a larger struggle over autonomy, desire, and selfhood.
The poem also belongs to a broader early twentieth-century literary climate in which writers questioned inherited moral certainties and explored inward conflict with new frankness. Its interest in suffering, vocation, and the tension between private fulfillment and social or spiritual duty places it in conversation with both romantic and modern sensibilities.
Poems Similar to The Suicide
- Lady Lazarus - Sylvia Plath
- I Felt a Funeral, in my Brain - Emily Dickinson
- When You Are Old - W. B. Yeats
- Sapphics - Algernon Charles Swinburne